hetzner-devops/devops.md

DevOps Stack: Self-Hosted Complete Solution

Overview Arsitektur

Stack Teknologi

• Server: Hetzner Dedicated/Cloud
• Container Runtime: Incus (LXD fork)
• Reverse Proxy: Traefik
• CI/CD: Drone CI
• Git Hosting: Gitea
• CDN: Cloudflare (opsional untuk public sites)

Filosofi Desain

Stack ini dirancang untuk memberikan solusi DevOps yang lengkap, self-hosted, dengan fokus pada:

• Performance: Near-native performance dengan minimal overhead
• Isolation: Perfect project isolation menggunakan container
• Simplicity: Tools yang lightweight dan mudah dikelola
• Cost-effectiveness: Single server untuk multiple projects
• Scalability: Horizontal scaling dengan container spawning

Komponen Utama

1. Incus - Container Runtime

Keunggulan Incus

• Community-driven: Fork dari LXD dengan governance yang lebih terbuka
• Lightweight: Overhead minimal dibanding full virtualization
• Fast startup: Container boot dalam 1-2 detik
• System containers: Full OS experience dalam container
• OCI support: Dapat menjalankan Docker images langsung

Perbandingan dengan Alternatif

• vs Docker: Better isolation, persistent by default, system containers
• vs LXD: Better packaging, community governance, faster development
• vs VMs: Much lighter overhead, faster startup, better density
• vs Proxmox: Simpler management, better CI/CD integration

Use Cases

• Project isolation: Setiap client/project mendapat container terpisah
• CI/CD environments: Ephemeral containers untuk testing
• Development environments: Consistent development setups
• Multi-tenancy: Perfect isolation antara different workloads

2. Traefik - Reverse Proxy & Load Balancer

Mengapa Traefik

• Auto-discovery: Automatically detects new containers
• Dynamic configuration: No manual config updates needed
• Let's Encrypt: Automatic SSL certificate management
• Modern architecture: Cloud-native design
• Dashboard: Built-in monitoring interface

Perbandingan dengan Alternatif

• vs Nginx: More dynamic, less manual configuration
• vs HAProxy: Better container integration, easier setup
• vs CF Zero Trust: Direct connection, better performance

Traffic Handling

• Domain-based routing: Multiple websites pada satu server
• Load balancing: Multiple containers per aplikasi
• SSL termination: Centralized certificate management
• Health checks: Automatic unhealthy container removal

3. Drone CI - Continuous Integration

Keunggulan Drone

• Container-native: Perfect match dengan Incus
• Lightweight: Minimal resource usage (~200MB)
• YAML pipelines: Simple configuration
• Plugin ecosystem: Extensible dengan community plugins
• Real-time logs: Live build monitoring

Perbandingan dengan Alternatif

• vs Jenkins: Much lighter, container-native
• vs GitLab CI: Simpler, less resource hungry
• vs GitHub Actions: Self-hosted, no usage limits

Pipeline Architecture

• Build isolation: Each build dalam fresh container
• Parallel execution: Multiple steps berjalan bersamaan
• Service containers: Database containers untuk testing
• Artifact management: Build results storage
• Deployment integration: Direct deployment ke Incus

4. Gitea - Git Hosting

Mengapa Gitea

• Lightweight: ~500MB memory usage
• Self-hosted: Complete control atas code repositories
• GitHub-like: Familiar interface dan features
• No limits: Unlimited private repositories
• Fast: Written in Go, excellent performance

Perbandingan dengan Alternatif

• vs GitLab CE: Much lighter resource usage
• vs GitHub: Self-hosted, no usage limits
• vs Forgejo: Gitea lebih stable, larger community

Features

• Git hosting: Standard Git operations
• Issue tracking: Bug dan feature request management
• Pull requests: Code review workflow
• Organizations: Multi-team management
• Webhooks: CI/CD integration

5. Cloudflare CDN - Content Delivery (Opsional)

Kapan Menggunakan CDN

• Public websites: Customer-facing websites
• Static assets: Images, CSS, JavaScript files
• Global audience: Users dari berbagai geografis
• Performance critical: Website speed penting

Kapan Skip CDN

• Internal tools: Admin panels, internal APIs
• Dynamic content: APIs dengan personalized responses
• Regional audience: Users mostly dari satu region
• Cost sensitivity: Ingin minimal external dependencies

Workflow Development

Daily Development Flow

1. Developer workflow: Code locally → Git push ke Gitea
2. CI trigger: Gitea webhook memicu Drone pipeline
3. Testing: Drone spawns test containers, runs tests
4. Build: Application build dalam isolated environment
5. Deploy: Successful builds deployed ke staging/production containers
6. Routing: Traefik automatically routes traffic ke new containers

Environment Management

• Development: Local development containers
• Staging: Staging containers untuk testing
• Production: Production containers untuk live traffic
• Feature branches: Temporary containers untuk feature testing

Deployment Strategies

• Blue-green: Old dan new containers running, switch traffic
• Rolling updates: Gradual replacement containers
• Canary releases: Small percentage traffic ke new version
• Rollback: Quick revert ke previous container snapshots

Multi-Project Architecture

Project Isolation Strategy

Setiap project/client mendapat:

• Dedicated containers: App dan database containers terpisah
• Isolated networks: Network segmentation per project
• Resource limits: CPU dan memory allocation per project
• Independent backups: Snapshot dan backup per project

Resource Management

• Resource allocation: Fair sharing antara projects
• Monitoring: Per-project resource usage tracking
• Scaling: Independent scaling per project needs
• Billing: Resource usage tracking untuk client billing

Security Considerations

• Network isolation: Projects tidak bisa access satu sama lain
• Secret management: Per-project environment variables
• Access control: Developer access permissions per project
• Audit logging: Track access dan changes per project

Performance Considerations

Container Performance

• Native performance: Near-bare-metal performance
• Memory efficiency: Shared kernel, lower overhead
• Fast I/O: Direct filesystem access
• Network performance: Native Linux networking

Scaling Strategies

• Horizontal scaling: Add more application containers
• Vertical scaling: Increase container resource limits
• Database scaling: Read replicas, connection pooling
• Caching: Redis containers untuk application caching

Monitoring & Observability

• Container metrics: CPU, memory, disk usage per container
• Application metrics: Custom application metrics
• Log aggregation: Centralized logging across containers
• Alerting: Automated alerts untuk issues

Backup & Disaster Recovery

Backup Strategy

• Container snapshots: Point-in-time container states
• Database dumps: Regular database backups
• Configuration backups: CI/CD configuration dan secrets
• Automated scheduling: Daily/weekly backup schedules

Disaster Recovery

• RTO (Recovery Time Objective): Target recovery time
• RPO (Recovery Point Objective): Acceptable data loss
• Backup restoration: Quick container restoration process
• Geographic backup: Off-site backup storage

Security Best Practices

Container Security

• User namespaces: Non-root containers
• Resource limits: Prevent resource exhaustion
• Network policies: Restrict container communication
• Image scanning: Vulnerability scanning untuk base images

Access Control

• SSH key management: Secure server access
• VPN/Zero Trust: Secure admin access
• Role-based access: Different permission levels
• Audit trails: Log all administrative actions

Data Protection

• Encryption at rest: Encrypted storage volumes
• Encryption in transit: TLS untuk all communications
• Secret management: Secure environment variables
• Regular updates: Security patch management

Cost Optimization

Server Sizing

• Right-sizing: Match server specs dengan workload
• Resource utilization: Monitor dan optimize resource usage
• Scaling timing: Scale up saat necessary, scale down saat possible

Operational Efficiency

• Automation: Reduce manual operational overhead
• Monitoring: Proactive issue detection
• Maintenance windows: Scheduled maintenance procedures
• Documentation: Comprehensive operational documentation

Migration Planning

From Existing Infrastructure

• Assessment: Current infrastructure evaluation
• Migration strategy: Phased migration approach
• Testing: Extensive testing sebelum cutover
• Rollback plan: Contingency planning

Data Migration

• Database migration: Schema dan data transfer
• File migration: Application files dan assets
• Configuration migration: Settings dan environment variables
• DNS cutover: Traffic redirection planning

Maintenance & Operations

Regular Maintenance

• System updates: OS dan package updates
• Container updates: Base image updates
• Security patches: Regular security updates
• Performance tuning: Optimization berdasarkan metrics

Troubleshooting

• Log analysis: Centralized log analysis
• Performance debugging: Container performance issues
• Network issues: Connectivity troubleshooting
• Storage issues: Disk space dan I/O problems

Capacity Planning

• Growth projections: Anticipated resource needs
• Scaling thresholds: When to add resources
• Hardware planning: Future server requirements
• Budget planning: Cost projections

Conclusion

Stack ini menyediakan solusi DevOps yang lengkap dan modern dengan:

• Complete self-hosting: No vendor lock-in
• Professional grade: Enterprise-level features
• Cost effective: Single server untuk multiple projects
• Scalable: Growth-ready architecture
• Maintainable: Simple operations dan troubleshooting

Perfect untuk development teams yang ingin complete control atas infrastructure dengan modern tooling dan practices.