# DevOps Stack: Self-Hosted Complete Solution

## Overview Arsitektur

### Stack Teknologi
- **Server**: Hetzner Dedicated/Cloud
- **Container Runtime**: Incus (LXD fork)
- **Reverse Proxy**: Traefik
- **CI/CD**: Drone CI
- **Git Hosting**: Gitea
- **CDN**: Cloudflare (opsional untuk public sites)

### Filosofi Desain
Stack ini dirancang untuk memberikan solusi DevOps yang lengkap, self-hosted, dengan fokus pada:
- **Performance**: Near-native performance dengan minimal overhead
- **Isolation**: Perfect project isolation menggunakan container
- **Simplicity**: Tools yang lightweight dan mudah dikelola
- **Cost-effectiveness**: Single server untuk multiple projects
- **Scalability**: Horizontal scaling dengan container spawning

## Komponen Utama

### 1. Incus - Container Runtime

#### Keunggulan Incus
- **Community-driven**: Fork dari LXD dengan governance yang lebih terbuka
- **Lightweight**: Overhead minimal dibanding full virtualization
- **Fast startup**: Container boot dalam 1-2 detik
- **System containers**: Full OS experience dalam container
- **OCI support**: Dapat menjalankan Docker images langsung

#### Perbandingan dengan Alternatif
- **vs Docker**: Better isolation, persistent by default, system containers
- **vs LXD**: Better packaging, community governance, faster development
- **vs VMs**: Much lighter overhead, faster startup, better density
- **vs Proxmox**: Simpler management, better CI/CD integration

#### Use Cases
- **Project isolation**: Setiap client/project mendapat container terpisah
- **CI/CD environments**: Ephemeral containers untuk testing
- **Development environments**: Consistent development setups
- **Multi-tenancy**: Perfect isolation antara different workloads

### 2. Traefik - Reverse Proxy & Load Balancer

#### Mengapa Traefik
- **Auto-discovery**: Automatically detects new containers
- **Dynamic configuration**: No manual config updates needed
- **Let's Encrypt**: Automatic SSL certificate management
- **Modern architecture**: Cloud-native design
- **Dashboard**: Built-in monitoring interface

#### Perbandingan dengan Alternatif
- **vs Nginx**: More dynamic, less manual configuration
- **vs HAProxy**: Better container integration, easier setup
- **vs CF Zero Trust**: Direct connection, better performance

#### Traffic Handling
- **Domain-based routing**: Multiple websites pada satu server
- **Load balancing**: Multiple containers per aplikasi
- **SSL termination**: Centralized certificate management
- **Health checks**: Automatic unhealthy container removal

### 3. Drone CI - Continuous Integration

#### Keunggulan Drone
- **Container-native**: Perfect match dengan Incus
- **Lightweight**: Minimal resource usage (~200MB)
- **YAML pipelines**: Simple configuration
- **Plugin ecosystem**: Extensible dengan community plugins
- **Real-time logs**: Live build monitoring

#### Perbandingan dengan Alternatif
- **vs Jenkins**: Much lighter, container-native
- **vs GitLab CI**: Simpler, less resource hungry
- **vs GitHub Actions**: Self-hosted, no usage limits

#### Pipeline Architecture
- **Build isolation**: Each build dalam fresh container
- **Parallel execution**: Multiple steps berjalan bersamaan
- **Service containers**: Database containers untuk testing
- **Artifact management**: Build results storage
- **Deployment integration**: Direct deployment ke Incus

### 4. Gitea - Git Hosting

#### Mengapa Gitea
- **Lightweight**: ~500MB memory usage
- **Self-hosted**: Complete control atas code repositories
- **GitHub-like**: Familiar interface dan features
- **No limits**: Unlimited private repositories
- **Fast**: Written in Go, excellent performance

#### Perbandingan dengan Alternatif
- **vs GitLab CE**: Much lighter resource usage
- **vs GitHub**: Self-hosted, no usage limits
- **vs Forgejo**: Gitea lebih stable, larger community

#### Features
- **Git hosting**: Standard Git operations
- **Issue tracking**: Bug dan feature request management
- **Pull requests**: Code review workflow
- **Organizations**: Multi-team management
- **Webhooks**: CI/CD integration

### 5. Cloudflare CDN - Content Delivery (Opsional)

#### Kapan Menggunakan CDN
- **Public websites**: Customer-facing websites
- **Static assets**: Images, CSS, JavaScript files
- **Global audience**: Users dari berbagai geografis
- **Performance critical**: Website speed penting

#### Kapan Skip CDN
- **Internal tools**: Admin panels, internal APIs
- **Dynamic content**: APIs dengan personalized responses
- **Regional audience**: Users mostly dari satu region
- **Cost sensitivity**: Ingin minimal external dependencies

## Workflow Development

### Daily Development Flow
1. **Developer workflow**: Code locally → Git push ke Gitea
2. **CI trigger**: Gitea webhook memicu Drone pipeline
3. **Testing**: Drone spawns test containers, runs tests
4. **Build**: Application build dalam isolated environment
5. **Deploy**: Successful builds deployed ke staging/production containers
6. **Routing**: Traefik automatically routes traffic ke new containers

### Environment Management
- **Development**: Local development containers
- **Staging**: Staging containers untuk testing
- **Production**: Production containers untuk live traffic
- **Feature branches**: Temporary containers untuk feature testing

### Deployment Strategies
- **Blue-green**: Old dan new containers running, switch traffic
- **Rolling updates**: Gradual replacement containers
- **Canary releases**: Small percentage traffic ke new version
- **Rollback**: Quick revert ke previous container snapshots

## Multi-Project Architecture

### Project Isolation Strategy
Setiap project/client mendapat:
- **Dedicated containers**: App dan database containers terpisah
- **Isolated networks**: Network segmentation per project
- **Resource limits**: CPU dan memory allocation per project
- **Independent backups**: Snapshot dan backup per project

### Resource Management
- **Resource allocation**: Fair sharing antara projects
- **Monitoring**: Per-project resource usage tracking
- **Scaling**: Independent scaling per project needs
- **Billing**: Resource usage tracking untuk client billing

### Security Considerations
- **Network isolation**: Projects tidak bisa access satu sama lain
- **Secret management**: Per-project environment variables
- **Access control**: Developer access permissions per project
- **Audit logging**: Track access dan changes per project

## Performance Considerations

### Container Performance
- **Native performance**: Near-bare-metal performance
- **Memory efficiency**: Shared kernel, lower overhead
- **Fast I/O**: Direct filesystem access
- **Network performance**: Native Linux networking

### Scaling Strategies
- **Horizontal scaling**: Add more application containers
- **Vertical scaling**: Increase container resource limits
- **Database scaling**: Read replicas, connection pooling
- **Caching**: Redis containers untuk application caching

### Monitoring & Observability
- **Container metrics**: CPU, memory, disk usage per container
- **Application metrics**: Custom application metrics
- **Log aggregation**: Centralized logging across containers
- **Alerting**: Automated alerts untuk issues

## Backup & Disaster Recovery

### Backup Strategy
- **Container snapshots**: Point-in-time container states
- **Database dumps**: Regular database backups
- **Configuration backups**: CI/CD configuration dan secrets
- **Automated scheduling**: Daily/weekly backup schedules

### Disaster Recovery
- **RTO (Recovery Time Objective)**: Target recovery time
- **RPO (Recovery Point Objective)**: Acceptable data loss
- **Backup restoration**: Quick container restoration process
- **Geographic backup**: Off-site backup storage

## Security Best Practices

### Container Security
- **User namespaces**: Non-root containers
- **Resource limits**: Prevent resource exhaustion
- **Network policies**: Restrict container communication
- **Image scanning**: Vulnerability scanning untuk base images

### Access Control
- **SSH key management**: Secure server access
- **VPN/Zero Trust**: Secure admin access
- **Role-based access**: Different permission levels
- **Audit trails**: Log all administrative actions

### Data Protection
- **Encryption at rest**: Encrypted storage volumes
- **Encryption in transit**: TLS untuk all communications
- **Secret management**: Secure environment variables
- **Regular updates**: Security patch management

## Cost Optimization

### Server Sizing
- **Right-sizing**: Match server specs dengan workload
- **Resource utilization**: Monitor dan optimize resource usage
- **Scaling timing**: Scale up saat necessary, scale down saat possible

### Operational Efficiency
- **Automation**: Reduce manual operational overhead
- **Monitoring**: Proactive issue detection
- **Maintenance windows**: Scheduled maintenance procedures
- **Documentation**: Comprehensive operational documentation

## Migration Planning

### From Existing Infrastructure
- **Assessment**: Current infrastructure evaluation
- **Migration strategy**: Phased migration approach
- **Testing**: Extensive testing sebelum cutover
- **Rollback plan**: Contingency planning

### Data Migration
- **Database migration**: Schema dan data transfer
- **File migration**: Application files dan assets
- **Configuration migration**: Settings dan environment variables
- **DNS cutover**: Traffic redirection planning

## Maintenance & Operations

### Regular Maintenance
- **System updates**: OS dan package updates
- **Container updates**: Base image updates
- **Security patches**: Regular security updates
- **Performance tuning**: Optimization berdasarkan metrics

### Troubleshooting
- **Log analysis**: Centralized log analysis
- **Performance debugging**: Container performance issues
- **Network issues**: Connectivity troubleshooting
- **Storage issues**: Disk space dan I/O problems

### Capacity Planning
- **Growth projections**: Anticipated resource needs
- **Scaling thresholds**: When to add resources
- **Hardware planning**: Future server requirements
- **Budget planning**: Cost projections

## Conclusion

Stack ini menyediakan solusi DevOps yang lengkap dan modern dengan:
- **Complete self-hosting**: No vendor lock-in
- **Professional grade**: Enterprise-level features
- **Cost effective**: Single server untuk multiple projects
- **Scalable**: Growth-ready architecture
- **Maintainable**: Simple operations dan troubleshooting

Perfect untuk development teams yang ingin complete control atas infrastructure dengan modern tooling dan practices.